Drug Target for Pathogenic Amoebae

Drug Target for Pathogenic Amoebae Horizontal Gene Transfer of a Chlamydial tRNA-Guanine Transglycosylase Gene to Specific Algal and Protozoan Lineages: A Putative Drug Target for Pathogenic Amoebae Abstract: tRNA-guanine transglycosylases are found in all domains of life and mediate the base exchange of guanine with queuine in the anticodon loop of specific tRNAs. They are also known to regulate virulence in bacteria such as Shigella flexneri, which has prompted the development of drugs that inhibit the function of these enzymes. Here we report a group of tRNA-guanine transglycosylases in eukaryotes (algae and protozoa) which are more similar to their bacterial counterparts than previously characterized eukaryotic tRNA-guanine transglycosylases. In silico analysis of these bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylasesrevealed thatthe majority are predicted to be targeted to mitochondria, although some are likely to localize to chloroplasts, the secretory pathway or the cytosol. We provide evidence demonstrating that the gene encoding theseenzymes was acquired by these eukaryotic lineages via horizontal gene transfer which from the Chlamydiae. Given that the S. flexneri tRNA-guanine trans glycosylase can be targeted by drugs, we propose that the bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylases could potentiallybe targeted in a similar fashion in pathogenic amoebae that possess these enzymes such as Acanthamoeba castellanii. Keywords: mitochondria, tRNA-guanine transglycosylase, queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferase, horizontal gene transfer, tRNA, queuosine, Chlamydiae Abbreviations: TGTase: tRNA-guanine transglycosylase E-TGTase: Eukaryotic tRNA-guanine transglycosylase B-TGTase: Bacterial tRNA-guanine transglycosylase BL-TGTase: Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylase HGT: Horizontal gene transfer Introduction Base modification of tRNAshas been implicated in tRNA structure, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase interaction andinfluencing codon-anticodon basepairing[1]. The function of the modification will depend on itstype and the position of the modified base. For example, most bases that are modified within the anticodon loop (positions 34-36) of tRNAsare important for accurate translation by facilitating interactions with their cognate codons in mRNAs [1]. One such modification that influences codon-anticodon basepairingis the incorporation of queuine within the anticodon loop. Queuosine is a modified guanosine analogue found in tRNAs from all three domains of life.Despite its wide phylogenetic distribution, queuosine is only found in a select group of tRNAs (tRNAHis, tRNAAsp, tRNATyr and tRNAAsn) [2].Reduced incorporation of queuosine in these tRNAs alters their codon recognition ability and has been linked to various cancers [3,4]. tRNA-guanine transglycosylases Queuosine modification of tRNA is mediated by tRNA-guanine transglycosylases (TGTases)(also known as queuine tRNA-ribosyltransferases). TGTases catalyze this modification via base exchange where the guanine at position 34 of the tRNA is post-transcriptionally removed and substituted with queuine or a queuine precursor [5].Eukaryotes are not capable of de novo queuine synthesis but acquire it through diet or their gastrointestinal microbiota [6].After its acquisition, the eukaryotic TGTase (E-TGTase) mediates the replacement of guanine with queuine in the anticodon loop. In contrast, queuosine modification of bacterial tRNA is more complex. Prokaryotesuse GTP-cyclohydrolase-like enzymes tosynthesizea queuine precursor(e.g. preQ1) from GTP. The bacterial TGTase (B-TGTase) then mediates the base exchange with guanine to incorporate preQ1, unlike E-TGTases that use queuine itself as the substrate.This incorporatedpreQ1 is then modified by S-adenosylmethionine tRNA ribosyltransferase to e poxyQ, which is further modified to form queuosine [6].In addition to tRNA modification, B-TGTasesplay a role in regulating the expression of bacterial genes.TGTase mutants (vacC) in the bacterium Shigella flexneri exhibit reduced expression of the virG and ipaBCDgenes, which encode virulence factors that facilitate the spread and invasion of the pathogen [7]. This is a result ofthe VacCTGTase beingrequired to modify a single base in virF mRNA, which encodes the transcriptional activator ofvirG and ipaBCD[8].Thus, B-TGTases can modify substrates otherthan tRNA and are important mediators of bacterial virulence. As a result, B-TGTases have served as a targetfor the development of drugs that interfere with their function [9].Here we report a new group of TGTases in eukaryotes that display significantly greater similarity to B-TGTases than E-TGTases. We hereby refer to these proteins as bacterial-like TGTases (BL-TGTases).In silico analysis identified 25 BL-TGTases in distinct protozoa n and algal lineages and the reason for their similarity to B-TGTases is explored in this article. Variation in the subcellular localization of bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylases To investigate the putative subcellular localization of BL-TGTases, three bioinformatic programs were utilized: Mitoprot [10], Predotar [11] and Target P [12]. The putativelocalizationfor each BL-TGTase was supportedby predictions from at least two of the three programs.Most BL-TGTases possess N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signals (Table 1), suggesting a role in modification of mitochondrial tRNAs.Interestingly, the BL-TGTases from Ostreococcus lucimarinus and Chondrus crispus were predicted to localize to mitochondria with one program (Predotar) but to the plastid with another (Target P). While it is possible that these two proteins may localize to both organelles, further experimentation is required to elucidate their subcellular locations. The BL-TGTase from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was predicted to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the secretory pathway, indicating it maymodify other substrates in this organelle. Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylase genes originated from a Chlamydial gene acquired via horizontal gene transfer While the localization of BL-TGTases varied, all 25 of the proteins exhibited higher levels of amino acid similarity to B-TGTases despite their existence in eukaryotes. A Bayesian analysis of phylogeny using MrBayes [13] withBL-TGTases,B-TGTases and E-TGTasesconfirmedthis similarity(Figure 1).The BL-TGTases were most similar to TGTases from members of the Chlamydiae.In fact, the Chlamydial TGTases were more similar to BL-TGTases than other B-TGTases. Given that Chlamydiaeare bacteria, the topology of the tree in the present study is incongruent with the universal tree of life. Instead, this topology is consistent with a horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event. That is, the genes encoding BL-TGTases originated from a Chlamydial TGTase-encoding gene that was acquired via prokaryote-to-eukaryote HGT. In addition to the strong statistical support for the BL-TGTase-Chlamydial TGTase sister group, there are several other factors that support this notion. The Chlamydiaeare known to be major contributors of genes to several eukaryotic genomes via HGT [14,15]. This includes genes encoding tRNA modification enzymes such as the Chlamydial tRNA guanine methyltransferases found in protozoa, diatoms and algae[16,17] and Chlamydial tRNA genes in vascular plants [18].Similarly to the present study, sister groups were observed between the Chlamydial and the horizontally acquired eukaryotic genes in these cases. Lastly, the majority of eukaryotic lineages in which we identified BL-TGTases have previouslybeen reported to possess HGT-derived genes acquired from the Chlamydiae[16,19]. Thus, the notion that BL-TGTases resulted from the acquisition of a B-TGTase from the Chlamydiaevia HGT in eukaryotes is highlyplausible. Indirect acquisition of a Chlamydial tRNA-guanine transglycosylase in protozoa via anon-Chlamydialbacterial intermediate Interestingly, a B-TGTase sequence from the ÃŽ ´-proteobacterium ‘Candidatus Babela massiliensis’clustered with the BL-TGTases of protistsrather than the B-TGTases (Figure 1). Although the protozoan BL-TGTases displayed similarity to Chlamydial B-TGTases, the possibility of a HGT event from ‘Ca. B. massiliensis’to protistswas present. SinceChlamydiae and ÃŽ ´-proteobacteria are not closely related, the phylogeny of their B-TGTases was investigated. Interestingly, the ‘Ca. B. massiliensis’TGTase clustered with the Chlamydial TGTase clade rather than other ÃŽ ´-proteobacterial (Pelobacter, Geobacter, Myxococcus, Desulfobulbus) B-TGTases (Figure 2). ‘Ca.B. massiliensis’and members of the Chlamydiae are found as obligate intracellular symbionts of protists such as Acanthamoeba, Dictyosteliumand Naegleria [20,21]. The presence of both of these bacteria within the one eukaryotic cell would provide the ideal conditions for HGT between them. Therefore, it is likely that at least two independent HGT events have occurred:1) The Chlamydiae donated a TGTase-encoding gene to an ancestral ‘Ca.B. massiliensis’species; and 2) ‘Ca.B. massiliensis’then donated this gene to theAmoebozoa and Heterolobosea.How the BL-TGTase genes were acquired in the algal lineagesremains to be elucidated, but may have occurred via additional HGT events (either prokaryote-to-eukaryote or eukaryote-to-eukaryote). Bacterial-like tRNA-guanine transglycosylases as drug targets for pathogenic amoebae In addition to their role in queuosine modification of tRNAs, TGTases are important for S. flexneri virulence [7,8].As a result, studies have focused on the development of TGTase inhibitors that specifically target the S. flexneri B-TGTase to treat shigellosis,while the E-TGTases of the human host remain unaffected. Some of these inhibitors,such as lin-benzoguanine,function by occupying the binding site for preQ1[22,23].While most eukaryotic species that possess BL-TGTases are non-pathogenic, we identified a BL-TGTase in Acanthamoeba castellanii, the causative agent of amoebic keratitis and encephalitis.Naegleria gruberi, whichalso has a BL-TGTase, is non-pathogenic, but is closely related to Naegleria fowleri, the etiologic agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, which may possess an unidentified BL-TGTase. Given the development of B-TGTase inhibitors has already been achieved, the BL-TGTasesin pathogenic eukaryotes could also potentially be targeted with the same drugs. Alter natively, new inhibitors could be developed following resolution of the BL-TGTase crystal structure. To confirm BL-TGTases as a putative drug target future research should attempt to characterize these proteins and determine if they have retained their prokaryotic functions and mechanism of action. Concluding remarks In this report, we have described a group of TGTases in algae and protozoa (BL-TGTases). Theseproteins are predicted to localize to various subcellular locations including mitochondria, chloroplasts, the ER and the cytosol, depending on the organism. Lastly, we showed that via multiple HGT events, BL-TGTases were originallyfrom bacteria of the Chlamydiae lineage. The bacterial origin of these proteins could be exploited in the development of drugs similar to those synthesized for the S. flexneri B-TGTase. Research into the identification and synthesis of BL-TGTase inhibitors may provide a novel treatment for infectious diseases which are caused by pathogenic amoebae that possess these proteins.

Coca-Cola India Case Study Analysis

Coca – India Case study Lakeesha Customer Inserts His/her Name Customer Inserts Grade Course Customer Inserts Tutor’s Name April 11, 2013. Introduction Coca-Cola is the leading brand of the world in soft drink category. It was founded by a pharmacist in Georgia known by the name of John Pemberton. He used to sell a potion for physical as well as mental disorders. However, the potion soon turned into world’s largest selling brand after carbonated water in addition to fountain water with other constituents were added to the brand.Furthermore, soon after the addition of carbonated water, Coca-Cola brand was given the honor of 1887 and in just year of two years, the brand began to spread its sales all over the world. However, the brand got under the wave of ten billion cases in the past decades, which made its growth come to sudden plunge and with lesser improvement in the sales. During the era of 2000, the brand had per annual sale growth of 0. 2 %, which is a deep loss for the company as back in 1980s, its sales growth, had been 5-7%.Furthermore, as it began its sales in India, the Coca-Cola began to see its rise again since the brand became a favorite of the one billion population of the country, which comprised of every rural or urban part of the community. Ethical Issues Many of the most important cases were filed against the Coca-Cola Company in the last few years. They have been the result of an allegation imposed on the company by its four employees in spring 1999. According to the lawsuit, the company has used discriminatory acts on its African-American employees just simply on the basis of their being black. Such diverse types of warning were being issued on the company for its discriminatory practices on the employees. Moreover, many of the employees there have been reported to experience an unethical discriminatory culture in accordance with their race and case. Additionally, another major case was filed against the company on 8 Jun e 1999 (Kochan, 1997). This case comprised of thirty-three children enrolled in Belgium school, which fell ill and were hospitalized.Then again, after few more Belgians went into the trap of this illness. The bottles had been tinned up in a Coco- Cola plant of Dunkirk, France. Moreover, the crisis intensified later after the quantity of people who were stricken with intestinal problems increased from eight to 250, all over the country. However, on June 29, a report was issued which claimed according to research by a toxicologist that the blame was on the carbon dioxide impurities found in Antwerp while on the other hand, there was fungicide in Dunkirk.In order to fix the crisis, many resolutions were passed by the company, which started free selling campaigns in the countries sending free vouchers. There beach parties, dancers were hired for concerts and advertisements were issued on televisions thanking the public for being loyal to the company. Hence, around 5. 5 million people we re influenced by the company to get its fame back. After this, a major crisis had to be dealt with by the company.On February 4, 2003, the Centre for Science and Environment filed a case against Coca- Cola (Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Soft Drinks, 2003). The CSE was led by a group of activists that claimed about the Kinley Bottled water to contain traces of pesticides. It comprised of ingredients like DDT and Malathion, which are highly toxic and can result in the destruction of human bodies. Let humans apart, these substances can even damage aquatic animal and plant life when disposed of in water bodies.These tests were taken from a sample of seventeen bottles that had been sold lately. So after the test was being conducted by Pollution Monitoring Laboratory, the results showed that these Coca-Cola products contained more than 30- 36 times of such toxic substance which was surpassing the global standards approved all over the world. These pesticides, according to research cou ld result in cancer, birth defects, and even damage to nervous as well as immune system of the body. Hence, it was proved that it was unethical to sell products, which could result in loss of human lives.The EEC standard was 0. 005 mg/l of pesticides while in case of Coca-Cola it was 0,018 mg/l, which was thirty six times more (Pendergrast, 1993). In order to resolve issue, the company could show results of its own samples so that employment of many of its workers could be saved. Most important ethical issue that could be assumed from the above mention is Gupta’s dilemma which showed with evidence that Coca- Cola had surpassed the limits of its pesticides concentration to more than forty five times. Alternative ResolutionsSome of the resolutions that the company could make was firstly to marketplace. This was meant that to use such type of substances in its products that were approved by the standards of market. This will build up a strong foothold of the company in the world of market. Moreover, the billions of stakeholders that work in the company could lose their employment if the company continued with unethical acts. This will eventually attract more investors to contribute to the business as a result of which more Coca- Cola brands could be opened.Moreover, an ethical and proper cultural environment should be given to the employees so that more talented people could come and give their services to the company. Hence, it can benefit themselves as well as the company. In addition, Coca-Cola Company can use its resources in the development of community by contributing in environmentally sustainable practices. Hence, this will result in a better profit making and market value of the company. Best Ethical ResolutionIn my opinion, by following the given standards approved by the market, Coca-Cola can get its market value back. This will eventually result in higher employment and lives of many people would be saved if the substances used were not injurio us to health. References: † Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Soft Drinks. † Centre for Science and Environment (CSE (2003). Kochan, Nicholas,. The World’s Greatest Brands: an International Review by Interbrand. New York University Press,, 1997. Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country and Coca-Cola. Charles Scribners, 1993.

An Impartial View of College Essay Examples

An Impartial View of College Essay Examples A Secret Weapon for College Essay Examples Your college essay is your opportunity to set yourself aside from the hundreds of applicants who will probably be submitting academic portfolios very similar to yours. You could also select the above mentioned topics whenever you're participating in any scholarship essay competitions. Most colleges provide a variety of scholarships. There are lots more adult scholarships to pick from and a few of them may be simpler that you get than others as a result of distinct prerequisites in order to apply for them. Things You Won't Like About College Essay Examples and Things You Will 1 approach to acquire a notion of what colleges are searching for is to read some wonderful essays from students who've been successful in their bid to go into a selective university. Choosing where to go to college is an amazingly important choice. It is a unique experience. Colleges wish to get to learn more about you. 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The Issue Of Gun Control Essay - 2091 Words

President Obama said at a press conference held in response to another mass shooting in Oregon on October 01, 2015 â€Å"The solution to such violence is obvious. It cannot be this easy for somebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Despite how obvious the president said the solution is, the fact remains that gun control is still a controversial issue today. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. The first task I will complete in this research paper is clearing up any misconceptions about Gun Control and all the terminologies I will use. Followed by my three arguments that prove this position which are (1) Incidents like Sandy Hook or Oregon will be less likely to occur (2) It reduces t he high rates of accidental deaths and (3) As the years pass by and technology updates the laws should be up to date as well. Members from the National Rifles Association state that No law-abiding American should be forced to face evil with empty hands. I say I agree with President Obama there SHOULD be more gun control laws because it should not be as easy as it is for someone who wants to inflict harm on others to get their hands on a weapon. Allow me to first clear up anyShow MoreRelatedGun Issue And Gun Control1401 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity, Gun Politics has been a course I have aspired to take. While many enroll in such a course looking for an escape from the â€Å"collegiate liberal echo chamber† or as an outlet for their conservative agendas, I saw the class as an â€Å"entrance to the dark side.† My views on guns prior to the class were, I would call, polarized yet uninformed. In most of my discussions, I would cite the Australian 1996 Na tional Firearms Agreement as precedent for how American politicians should approach the gun issueRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control Essay1646 Words   |  7 Pagessomebody who wants to inflict harm on other people to get his or her hands on a gun.† (Simple Minded Gun Control). Gun control is a controversial issue worldwide. The reason why this has attracted so much attention is because not everyone is in favor of gun control and each side brings up excellent points about the issue. Research related to this issue strongly supports the claim that there SHOULD be more gun control laws. Three arguments that prove this position are (1) Incidents like Sandy HookRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1489 Words   |  6 Pagessplit on the issue of gun control. We have seen many violent shootings and innocent people dying because of gun violence. Some Americans believe we need strict gun laws to protect our children and ourselves from these horrific tragedies. Other Americans believes it i s our rights as Americans to posses’ guns and we are entitled to that right in our constitution. There are also some Americans that are stuck in the middle and can see both sides but recent events have definitely caused this issue to be inRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1031 Words   |  5 Pagesintegrate them in a way that will trigger a new viewpoint on the subject. Gun control is something that should be enforced across the world in order to save lives. In the United States there is a ratio of 88.8 guns per one hundred persons (GunPolicy.org). Those numbers award us with the highest total per capita number in the world. With that amount of firepower there needs to be an efficient way to regulate who exactly can purchase a gun. Since 1791 when the second amendment was ratified there have beenRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1705 Words   |  7 Pagesaway without preface or reason. All someone needs to do is pull the trigger. In today’s world, guns are far too acce ssible to the people of society. We hear in the news, stories of mass shootings, homicides, and suicides; most of which are caused by the activation of a gun. A hot-button issue, gun control is one of the most debated topics in American politics. Should we, or should we not, be able to own guns? Although it infringes on the Second Amendment that provides the right to bear arms, this amendmentRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control951 Words   |  4 PagesGun control has been a big topic for the past decade in the united states. These debates will rise and fall time in and time out after something horrific happens in the state. Anti-Gun supporters do not realize that it is extremely difficult to regulate something in the states that is a big portion of our economy.Would stricter gun laws change anything? So far statistically It has been proven otherwise one must consider how a citizen would defend themselves when they are faced with terror. How willRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control929 Wor ds   |  4 PagesGun Control Getting arrested yesterday was not the highlight of my week. I was hungry; so I went to Wal-Mart get some charcoal, lighter fluid, and steak. I put the charcoal in the grill and the lighter fluid on the coals. I got a little lighter fluid on my arm, but I didn’t pay it much attention. I lit the match and threw it on the coals. I looked down and my sleeve was on fire. I was waving my arm in the air, trying to put it out. Then here they come the police pulled in and tackled me to theRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of gun is always controversial. Firearm can be used as defending or an assaulting weapon. In United States, firearm increase the rate of homicide, suicide and gun violence, which can harm and murder people. Moreover, taking away people’s gun will not work effectively because the murder and criminal will find another ways to get guns. Also, the black market will appear for the people who cannot get guns from regulated market s. In addition, if regulated guns are banned, murderers may useRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1678 Words   |  7 PagesJanuary 2014 The 2nd Amendment Over the past few years, the issue of gun control has been widely discussed. You surely have heard the phrase, â€Å"Guns don’t kill people, people kill people† uttered and i wholeheartedly support this statement. It is important to treat guns responsibly so they do not end up in the wrong hands. I believe gun control violates our inalienable rights. Another piece of our liberty will surely be taken away if guns are banned, and socialism and totalitarianism will be rightRead MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1208 Words   |  5 PagesWill Christopherson Traverson English 2 1 March 2017 Gun Control The United States has 88.8 guns per 100 people, or about 270,000,000 guns, which is the highest total and per capita number across the globe. The current public gun control debate in the United States seems to be placed on standby until it is sparked up by a major mass shooting. There were at least 126 mass shootings between January 2000 and July 2014.(pro). Opponents of more gun laws accuse supporters of using a horrific event to further

Aboriginal Women in Canada Essays - 1375 Words

The issue of violence against Aboriginal women is my chosen subtopic that strongly contributes to the history of Aboriginal women’s struggle for rights and identity in Canada. To search relevant newspaper articles for this topic, the databases that were used were Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, as well as Canadian Newsstand Major Dailies. The reason these two databases were chosen was because Canadian Newsstand offered articles from multiple newspapers in the country, therefore providing me with diverse news in different provinces other than Ontario. The article I obtained from Canadian Newsstand was Canada Called on to Stop Violence Against Aboriginal Women from the Leader Post newspaper in Saskatchewan. Lexis Nexus provided one article I†¦show more content†¦He called for a national inquiry into missing and slain women. Premieres did not fully confirm a national inquiry, but promised to heighten awareness, and combat violence against the women. Barker, J. (2008). Gender, Sovereignty, Rights: Native Womens Activism against Social Inequality and Violence in Canada. American Quarterly, 60(2), 8. Retrieved fro m http://search.Proquest.com.Ez proxy.library.yorku.ca/docview/61688929?Acc ountid=15182. Reviews the amendments of the 1868 Indian Act, highlighting the conflicts of superiority of rights to Indian men over women. Discusses the avoidance of violence and discrimination against women within communities and the need for an equal relationship between genders Brownridge, D. A. (2003). Male Partner Violence Against Aboriginal Women in Canada: An Empirical Analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 65-83. Retrieved f rom DOI: 10.1177/08862605 02238541. Using an empirical approach, Douglas Brownridge conducted a large-scale sample experiment between Canadian women, focusing on the significance in increase of violence with Aboriginal Women based on many variables. Violence against Aboriginal women increased at all levels of severity, and are more likely to be ongoing than other non-Aboriginal relationships. Kyle, A. (2008, December 4). Canada Called On to Stop Violence Against Aboriginal Women. Leader Post [Regina, Sask.], p. A7. Retrieved fromShow MoreRelatedAboriginal Children and Women are an Impediment to Development in Canada1359 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Topic: The ongoing targeting of Aboriginal Children and Women is a significant impediment to development in Canada. In my research essay I propose to engage the analytical concept of intersectionality to critically interpret government-led development initiatives in Canada and the wider world from a postcolonial/feminist perspective. Thesis Canada is often recognized as a developed society on the world stage, with elaborate institutions and treaties in place to ensure the needsRead MoreHistory Of Violence Against Aboriginal Women1068 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of violence against Aboriginal women in Canada No analysis of violence against Indigenous women can be made without first looking at colonization as the antipasto of the conflict (Cooper Salomons 2010). â€Å"It is thus paramount to understand the context of colonisation in Canada in order to begin to understand the structural problems and barriers that lead to serious numbers of missing and murder Indigenous women in Canada.† (Cooper Salomons 2010, 31). When the Europeans first came to â€Å"turtleRead MoreAboriginal Women are Oppressed in Society Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, women have been the victims of oppression in society. In specific, Aboriginal women have suffered through racism, sexism, domestic violence, and over-representation. Through the implementation of the Indian Act, Aboriginal women have been forced to abandon their culture in order to assimilate into Canadian society. The effects of colonization has changed the way Aboriginal women are treated; emotionally and physically, and t herefore are the source of oppression today. The IndianRead MoreViolence Against Women1456 Words   |  6 PagesAboriginal women and girls are strong and beautiful. Unfortunately, they often face life-threatening, gender-based violence and disproportionately experience violent crimes because of hatred and racism (Fact Sheet: Violence Against Aboriginal Women , 2013). According to Statistics Canada, Aboriginal woman are three to five times more likely to experience violence than non-Aboriginal women (Fact Sheet: Violence Against Aboriginal Women , 2013). Fortunately, this frightening trend has been noticedRead MoreThe World Health Organization Defines Violence Against Women1307 Words   |  6 PagesThe World Health Organization defines violence against women as â€Å"any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life† (2014). Aboriginal women are three times more likely to experience physical abuse than non-Aboriginal women, and this was found to be true regardless of whether the offense was spousalRead MoreMissing Women891 Words   |  4 Pageshuge number of missing women in Canada, and an extremely large number of these women are Aboriginal. Why do Aboriginal women seem more vulnerable? The majority of these missing Aboriginal women were living on the streets, living in poverty and working in the sex trade industry before their disappearances. Why were all of these women in the same situation? I believe that the Conflict Theory explains the hardships, the abuse and the discrimination that each of these women faced before they wentRead MoreFactors That Promote The Vulnerability1067 Words   |  5 PagesFactors that Promote the Vulnerability to Violence in Canada’s Aboriginal Women i. Political Factors The first political factor that serves to embody one of the root causes for violence against Aboriginal women in Canada is the legislative gap, or its lack thereof. According to Harper (2006), both federal and provincial law essentially fails to address the equal division of matrimonial property on reserves. In contrast, as Harper (2006) continues to suggest, al other Canadian citizens are protectedRead MoreThe Women s Rights Movement Essay1561 Words   |  7 Pagesthe elimination of violence against women under the United Nations Crime Prevention and Justice Program. As it pertains to Canada, Lakeman (2006) affords that The Vancouver Rape Relief Center shelters over 100 rape domestic abuse victims each year. However, in spite of the great, motivating, and inspiring strides that have over the years been made towards the realization of gender parity and women’s empowerment (Human Rights Watch, 2006), a large number of women around the world are trafficked intoRead MoreThe Pre valence Of Respiratory Diseases Essay722 Words   |  3 Pages Table 1. Prevalence of Respiratory Diseases in percent (%) for Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal population aged 12 or older, Canada (2005). 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A summary of Literature Review of the Health Effects of Obesity Free Essays

Heslehurst et al (2008), in a study about complications of obesity, sought to determine the effect of maternal BMI status on outcomes of pregnancy with immediate short-term obstetric resource implications. The study was a meta-analysis study that aimed to investigate the relationships between maternal obesity and its impact on obstetric care. Literature concerning cohort studies of pregnant mothers was searched. We will write a custom essay sample on A summary of Literature Review of the Health Effects of Obesity or any similar topic only for you Order Now The pregnant women under study were required to have their anthropometric measurements taken within sixteen weeks gestation, followed up during pregnancy with at least 1 obese and 1 group for comparison. The meta-analysis showed that maternal obesity was significantly related to increased odds of instrumental and caesarian deliveries, hemorrhages, infections, longer hospital stay and increased requirement for neonatal care. Maternal obesity had a significant contribution to poor prognosis for mother and baby when delivering and immediately during the post-partum period. The National clinical for managing obese pregnant women and public health should urgently therefore come up with interventions to address health of mothers and their babies. Study 2 Sullivan et al (2008) sought to investigate the effect of obesity on diabetes, hypertension and hyperlipedemia. The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) for 2000 and 2002 was used to estimate the impact of health on people with hyperlipedemia, diabetes and hypertension. Multivariate regression methods for controlling variables such as age, race, sex, ethnicity, education, insurance, income, smoking status, proxy response and morbidity were used.   Instruments used in the study include SF-12 physical component scale (PCS-12), mental component scale (MCS-12), visual analogue scale (VAS) and EQ-5D index. The least absolute deviation that was censored was used to for the VAS and EQ-5D while the ordinary least squares (OLS) were employed for the PCS-12 and MCS-12. It was concluded that, obesity significantly aggravates the association between diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipedemia and health function, health perception in United States. Merten et al (2008) undertook a study to investigate racial and gender differences in adolescent and young adult psychosocial outcomes. Sample size used was 7,881 African American (915 males and 1,073 females) and white (2864 males and 3029 females) adolescents. The study was basically concerned with examinations of psychosocial consequences that are encountered by obese adolescents. Results of the study showed that obesity in females is associated with lower status when one attains young adulthood. The obese females also tend to be depressive than normal weight females. However, obesity status does not affect the psychosocial outcomes in young adult males. There was no evidence to indicate an interaction between obesity and race. Conclusion Obesity in individuals leads to both psychological and physiological consequences. Obesity in pregnant women causes various complications which include hemorrhages, neonatal trauma, caesarian and instrumental deliveries among others. Obesity in teenagers leads to low self esteem especially in girls. At the same time obesity exacerbates hyperlipedemia, diabetes and hypertension in individuals suffering from these conditions. References Wang, F and Veugelers, P.J (2008). Self-esteem and cognitive development in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Obesity Reviews. 9(6): 615-623 Qi et al (2008). Gene-environment interaction and obesity. Nutrition Reviews. 66(12):684- 694. Heslehurst et al (2008). The impact of maternal BMI status on pregnancy outcomes with immediate short-term obstetric resource implications: a meta-analysis. Obesity Reviews. 9(6): 635-683. Sullivan et al (2008). The impact of obesity on diabetes, hyperlipidemia and hypertension in the United States, Quality of Life Research 17(8):1063-1071 Merten et al (2008). Adolescent Obesity and Young Adult Psychosocial Outcomes: Gender and Racial Differences, Journal of Youth Adolescence, 37(9):1111-1122. Other Sources for Literature Review of health effects of obesity How to cite A summary of Literature Review of the Health Effects of Obesity, Essays

Current Business Intelligence In Academia -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Current Business Intelligence In Academia? Answer: Introducation Electronic commerce is basically the process of carrying out business transactions by electronic, i.e. through the internet. It can be referred to as online buying and selling of goods or services of a business. Electronic commerce is a process that draws its effects and efficiency on technology advancement and improvement (Barnes et al, 2016), e.g. mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, online marketing and selling, data collection and exchange, business networking opportunities to name just but a few (Abebe, 2014). The e-commerce operates under four major business aspects, i.e. as business-to-business, business-to-consumer, consumer-to-consumer and consumer-to-business. Therefore, this means that electronic commerce enables businesses and its stakeholders to work as a team towards achieving business objectives in an effective and efficient manner. The business are able to connect with other businesses, the consumers and the consumers connect with each other (Hoque et al, 2017) . E-commerce can be applied through the use of emails, online catalogs, online shopping charts, internet services and the EDI to name a few things (Ferreira et al, 2017). Project Objective This research project is meant to identify, analyze and evaluate the opportunities and problems that face business organizations that have adopted the use of electronic commerce in Australia. The opportunities refer to the reasons or benefits that accrue to the use of e-commerce in businesses while problems refer to the challenges that are cause or hinder the adoption of e-commerce in businesses located in Australia. Project Scope A project scope is used to identify the projects deliverables and the requirements of the end product or result which includes the identification of the listing of the project constraints and location. The research project will be limited to the identification and discussion of just the opportunities and problems that face business that have adopted electronic commerce. Additionally, the project will focus only on the restaurant businesses that operate within Australia. The project will last for just two months. With the current rates and levels of technology improvement and advancement, the adoption of electronic commerce is also becoming a norm for and a popular operation aspect in almost all business enterprises (whether small or large) (Wixom et al, 2014). The improved technology has led to improved electronic and technological appliances and devices like mobile phones, computers, televisions, programs and other applications that can be used in those devices to access the internet (Laudon et al, 2013). Therefore, this has led a large number of businesses into adopting the use of electronic commerce, especially in the developed countries like Australia. Opportunities for Using Electronic Commerce As the worlds population levels increasing, so do the number of consumers in the market. This means that every consumer has their own needs and wants, has different preferences when it comes to shopping and payment methods among other things. Also, it is important to note that, of the total worlds population, the largest population is taken by the consumers with high spending rates and behavior. Apparently, almost every operations of the consumers, suppliers and other business stakeholders are being dominated by use of technological devices/appliances (Hew et al, 2016). In that case, this situation creates a great opportunity for business enterprises to adopt the use of electronic commerce which is possible only with devices that that can access the internet. The opportunity basically is to enable the businesses access the worlds growing and developing market segment. Competition Every business must find a way to gain competitive advantage of its rivals in the market and industry. In the modern world, there is a lot of competition of businesses especially those that are trying to be associated with technology development and advancement. However, research has shown that the online commerce platform is currently one the most competitive platforms in the world. Businesses are trying to get recognized through the use of social media networks like Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter among others (Turban et al, 2017). The online commerce platform offers many businesses an opportunity to increase and improve their competitive advantage by exposing them to the world which basically one of the major ways for businesses to improve its performance and productivity. Growth Potential The electronic platform is one of the fastest growing field in the business world. The more the technology advancement, the more and faster the growth of the fields that rely on it. The electronic commerce id being used by large numbers of businesses, groups and individuals to conduct their daily operations. For instance, the platform can be used for different purposes like to marketing, making sales, making purchases, for sharing information, for promotion purposes, connectivity of different businesses among other things. In addition to that, the platform is still improving and its uses will increase and vary as well. Furthermore, research has shown that many consumers are already using the e-commerce which gives an opportunity to the businesses for their growth as well. According to Savru et al, 2014, the businesses that have adopted the use of the e-commerce get better opportunities for growth simply because they are capable of conducting almost all of their operations at once or in one platform and reach their intended customers worldwide. Global Market Access Electronic commerce uses the internet for its operations. The internet is a world wide web that offers connection to every computer and any other electronic device in the world that can access to internet. Therefore, this means electronic commerce is also available in the whole world and can be accessed by any device. This is basically one of the key opportunities that e-commerce offers to business organizations. They basically have the chance to conduct their operations all over the world, eg sell products and services. However, this is mostly possible for businesses that have adopted the use of the most current technology as well as in the developed countries whose technology advancement levels are high (Nanehkaran, 2013). Businesses located in such countries like Australia, find it easy to do business operations via e-commerce which contributes greatly to the businesss development. Other opportunities that e-commerce offers to business that have adopted its use are: offers opportunities for businesses to communicate effectively and efficiently with consumers, opportunities for easy advertising and marketing techniques, opportunity for better connectivity chances with other business especially during business information outsourcing operations, opportunities for improving and developing its technology status among others. Problems of Using Electronic Commerce in businesses In the current world, the technology advancement has caused increased rates of cyber insecurity. The internet has basically enabled many criminals to steal business information especially those that use e-commerce to conduct their operations. Among all the users of the internet especially the social media only desire to meddle with the business websites and information. Through this they get the opportunity to infect it with viruses or any other malicious program that interferes with the businesss operations (Wixom et al, 2014). In most cases, these situations are aimed at stealing business information or rather interfering with it, eg stealing food preparation recipes or financial data. Therefore, this is a problem for many businesses that have adopted the use of e-commerce. Increased number of Competitors A business that has adopted the use of e-commerce has exposed itself to the whole world and therefore faces competition from rivals all over the world. The number of competitors involved in an e-commerce platform and much more than those that are found in a local market. These businesses compete with businesses that produce or manufacture the same kind of products (foods) or services (eg accommodation and hotel services) and unless the businesss products are of higher and better quality than the competitors, then they will not be purchased by consumers (Turban et al, 2017). Therefore, the problem of many competitors can negatively a businesss performance and productivity among other things. High costs involves For a business to improve its performance and productivity levels, it must be able to manage and monitor its operations effectively and efficiently. Apparently, for a business to go digital or global, it can be a very costly process (Turban et al, 2016). The business should ensure that there is data availability, smarter methods of selling, advertising and marketing and the capability of operating a multichannel business in general which can be a very expensive process. Apart from these, there are other problems that are experienced by businesses that have adopted the use of electronic commerce, e.g. problems in maintaining customer loyalty, problems when customer return purchased products and need to be refunded their money, struggles when it comes to the shipping and transportation costs involved, management challenges (Hisrich et al, 2017),some businesses lack effective and attractive web content especially in a social media platform to name just but a few. Research Justification The research is based on the opportunities and problems of social electronic commerce for businesses in Australia. Just as mentioned earlier, a large of business organizations are currently using the e-commerce to conduct their operations. E-commerce has apparently become one of the most common and popular operations for businesses of today especially restaurants that are trying to be technologically advanced. However, since electronic commerce is entirely determined by technology advancement, any effect (whether positive or negative) caused by improvement in technology also affects e-commerce directly. In that case, it is important to note that research has shown that technology development has caused immense effects on the internet use, both positive and negative. Therefore, with many businesses especially restaurants currently using the social e-commerce like social medial platforms to market, advertise, sell products, communicate to consumers among other things, it is crucial to research on the opportunities and problems that are possibly faced by the businesses that have adopted e-commerce use. The methodology that will be used to conduct the research is the qualitative methodology. The methodology focuses entirely on the research of aspects that relate to human behavior and the result or cause of those behaviors (Gill et al, 2008). Therefore, in this case, the methodology will enable the researcher to examine the effects of the use of e-commerce in business that cannot be quantified or measured. Some of these effects are the opportunities and problems experienced by these businesses due to use of e-commerce. Data Collection Method The data will be collected by the use of interviews, questionnaires and observations which are the most effective data collection methods in collecting qualitative research data (Grossoehme, 2014). The researcher will conduct interviews for businesses managers and employees that are located close to the researchers location. The interviews will be carried out for respondents whose businesses are located far away from the researchers location. The interviews will focus on the respondents views, experiences, motivations, believes and opinions about the businesss decision to use social electronic commerce (Hoare et al, 2013). The observation will be carried out just like an additional way to get more information on the respondents. Reliability and Validity The method will be able to provide reliable and effective data because it is actually the best method for such a project. The research focuses on identifying the opportunities and problems experienced by businesses, in Australia that have adopted the use of social electronic commerce. These two are basically unquantifiable research aspects or variables therefore suitable to be determined by use of such a method. Sampling method and Sample Size The researcher will randomly choose restaurant businesses in any industry but those that use social electronic commerce and locate in Australia. The researcher will list them in disorderly order and choose a small sample size from the large group of businesses by choosing one business and passing the other. Research Limitations Every research faces some problems or limitations from the beginning of the research to the end. The following are some of the problems that the researcher may face during the research: Problems in identifying the specific most common opportunities experienced and problems faced by the businesses that use e-commerce in Australia. Problems in convincing businesses to share their experiences with the researcher Some businesses may not be available to answer the questionnaires or undergo the interviews Some respondents like managers may fail to give their opinions on the use of e-commerce by the business Time Schedule DAYS/DATE 1st-7thNov 2017 8th-14th Nov 2017 15th-29th Nov 2017 30th-13th Dec 2017 14th-21st Dec 2017 22nd-29th Dec 2017 Research topic Project scope and objectives Literature review Research methodology Research limitations Research conclusion 1st 2nd day Brainstorm Brainstorm on project scope Research on opportunities Methodology design Review research Review research 3rd 4th day Research Brainstorm on project objectives Research on opportunities Data collection method Review research Review research 5th day Compare options Decision making Research on opportunities Validity and reliability Review research Review research 6th 7th day Decide on topic Research on opportunities Sampling method and size List limitations Make conclusions 8th 9th day Research on problems 10th 11th day Research on problems 12th day Research on problems 13th 14th day Research on problems Concclusion Businesses that have adopted the use of social electronic commerce have been given great opportunities that are capable of improving their performance and increasing their productivity. For instance, they have the opportunity to access global market, face other business in the world to compete which gives them the chance to learn and develop, opportunity to increase their market share and segment and chance to grow or rather expand their operations. To add to that, these businesses also face certain problems like increased competition from various businesses, data security issues and expenses in maintaining the e-commerce operations. however, it is a very effective way for businesses nowadays that want to connect, market, advertise, making sales, communicate to and with customers and conduct other operations easily and efficiently. References Abebe, M. (2014). Electronic commerce adoption, entrepreneurial orientation and small-and medium-sized enterprise (SME) performance.Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development,21(1), 100-116. Barnes, S., Hunt, B. (Eds.). (2013).E-commerce and v-business. Routledge. Ferreira, T., Pedrosa, I., Bernardino, J. (2017, April). Business Intelligence for E-commerce: Survey and Research Directions. InWorld Conference on Information Systems and Technologies(pp. 215-225). Springer, Cham. Gill, P., Stewart, K., Treasure, E., Chadwick, B. (2008). Methods of data collection in qualitative research: interviews and focus groups.British dental journal,204(6), 291-295. Grossoehme, D. H. (2014). Overview of qualitative research.Journal of health care chaplaincy,20(3), 109-122. Hew, J. J., Lee, V. H., Ooi, K. B., Lin, B. (2016). Mobile social commerce: The booster for brand loyalty?.Computers in Human Behavior,59, 142-154. Hisrich, R. D., Ramadani, V. (2017). E-commerce Challenges and Entrepreneurial Manager. InEffective Entrepreneurial Management(pp. 159-178). Springer International Publishing. Hoare, Z., Hoe, J. (2013). Understanding quantitative research: Part 2.Nursing Standard,27(18), 48-55. Hoque, M. R., Boateng, R. (2017). Adoption of B2B e-Commerce in Developing. Laudon, K. C., Traver, C. G. (2013).E-commerce. Pearson. Nanehkaran, Y. A. (2013). An Introduction to electronic commerce.International Journal of Scientific Technology Research,2(4), 190-193. Savrul, M., Incekara, A., Sener, S. (2014). The potential of e-commerce for SMEs in a globalizing business environment.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,150, 35-45. Turban, E., Strauss, J., Lai, L. (2016). The Social Enterprise: From Recruiting to Problem Solving and Collaboration. InSocial Commerce(pp. 181-203). Springer International Publishing. Turban, E., Whiteside, J., King, D., Outland, J. (2017). Business-to-Business E-Commerce. InIntroduction to Electronic Commerce and Social Commerce(pp. 101-135). Springer International Publishing. Turban, E., Whiteside, J., King, D., Outland, J. (2017). Overview of Electronic Commerce and Social Commerce. InIntroduction to Electronic Commerce and Social Commerce(pp. 3-33). Springer International Publishing. Wixom, B., Ariyachandra, T., Douglas, D. E., Goul, M., Gupta, B., Iyer, L. S., ...Turetken, O. (2014). The current state of business intelligence in academia: The arrival of big data.CAIS,34, 1.